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<title>Turbo-compound engine</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Turbo-compound engine</span></span>

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<p>A <b>turbo-compound engine</b> is a <a href="Reciprocating_engine" title="Reciprocating engine">reciprocating engine</a> that employs a <a href="Turbine" title="Turbine">turbine</a> to recover energy from the exhaust gases. Instead of using that energy to drive a <a href="Turbocharger" title="Turbocharger">turbocharger</a> as found in many high-power <a href="Aircraft_engine" title="Aircraft engine">aircraft engines</a>, the energy is instead sent to the output shaft to increase the total power delivered by the engine. The turbine is usually mechanically connected to the <a href="Crankshaft" title="Crankshaft">crankshaft</a>, as on the <a href="Wright_R-3350_Duplex-Cyclone" title="Wright R-3350 Duplex-Cyclone">Wright R-3350 Duplex-Cyclone</a>, but electric and hydraulic power recovery systems have been investigated as well.

</p><p>As this recovery process does not increase <a href="Fuel_consumption" class="mw-redirect" title="Fuel consumption">fuel consumption</a>, it has the effect of reducing the <a href="Specific_fuel_consumption_(shaft_engine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Specific fuel consumption (shaft engine)">specific fuel consumption</a>, the ratio of fuel use to power.<sup id="cite_ref-popmech0256_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-popmech0256-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Turbo-compounding was used for commercial airliners and similar long-range, long-endurance roles before the introduction of <a href="Turbojet" title="Turbojet">turbojet</a> engines. Examples using the Duplex-Cyclone include the <a href="Douglas_DC-7B" class="mw-redirect" title="Douglas DC-7B">Douglas DC-7B</a> and <a href="Lockheed_L-1049_Super_Constellation" title="Lockheed L-1049 Super Constellation">Lockheed L-1049 Super Constellation</a>, while other designs did not see production use.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Concept">Concept</h2></div>

<p>Most piston engines produce a hot exhaust that still contains considerable undeveloped <a href="Energy" title="Energy">energy</a> that could be used for propulsion if extracted. A turbine is often used to extract energy from such a stream of gases. A conventional gas turbine is fed high-pressure, high-velocity air, extracts energy from it, and leaves as a lower-pressure, slower-moving stream. This action has the side-effect of increasing the upstream pressure, which makes it undesirable for use with a piston engine as it increases the back-pressure in the engine, which decreases scavenging of the <a href="Exhaust_gas" title="Exhaust gas">exhaust gas</a> from the cylinders and thereby lowers the efficiency of the piston portion of a compound engine.<sup id="cite_ref-EH_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EH-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Through the late 1930s and early 1940s one solution to this problem was the introduction of "jet stack" exhaust manifolds. These were simply short sections of metal pipe attached to the exhaust ports, shaped so that they would produce a jet of air that produced forward thrust. Another <a href="World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> introduction was the use of the <a href="Meredith_effect" title="Meredith effect">Meredith effect</a> to recover heat from the radiator system to provide additional thrust.

</p><p>By the late-war era, turbine development had improved dramatically and led to a new turbine design known as the "blowdown turbine" or "power-recovery turbine". This design extracts energy from the momentum of the moving exhaust, but does not appreciably increase back-pressure. This means it does not have the undesirable effects of conventional designs when connected to the exhaust of a piston engine, and a number of manufacturers began studying the design.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div>

<p>The first aircraft engine to be tested with a power-recovery turbine was the <a href="Rolls-Royce_Crecy" title="Rolls-Royce Crecy">Rolls-Royce Crecy</a>. This was used primarily to drive a geared centrifugal supercharger, although it was also coupled to the crankshaft and gave an extra 15 to 35 percent fuel economy.<sup id="cite_ref-nzrrbc_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nzrrbc-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Blowdown turbines became relatively common features in the late- and post-war era, especially for engines designed for long overwater flights. Turbo-compounding was used on several <a href="Airplane" title="Airplane">airplane</a> engines after <a href="World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, including the <a href="Napier_Nomad" title="Napier Nomad">Napier Nomad</a><sup id="cite_ref-Flight,_30_April_1954,_Napier_Nomad_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Flight,_30_April_1954,_Napier_Nomad-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Flight,_30_April_1954,_Napier_diesels_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Flight,_30_April_1954,_Napier_diesels-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="Wright_R-3350_Duplex-Cyclone" title="Wright R-3350 Duplex-Cyclone">Wright R-3350</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Flight,_2003,_Ten_ideas_that_failed_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Flight,_2003,_Ten_ideas_that_failed-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Flight,_1997,_Super_survivor_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Flight,_1997,_Super_survivor-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The exhaust restriction imparted by the three blowdown turbines used on the Wright R-3350 is equal to a well-designed jet stack system used on a conventional <a href="Radial_engine" title="Radial engine">radial engine</a>, while recovering about 550 hp (410 kW) at METO (maximum continuous except for take-off) power.<sup id="cite_ref-EH_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EH-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the case of the R-3350, maintenance crews sometimes nicknamed the turbine the <i>parts recovery turbine</i> due to its negative effect on engine reliability. Turbo-compound versions of the <a href="Napier_Deltic" title="Napier Deltic">Napier Deltic</a>, <a href="Rolls-Royce_Crecy" title="Rolls-Royce Crecy">Rolls-Royce Crecy</a>, <a href="Rolls-Royce_Griffon" title="Rolls-Royce Griffon">Rolls-Royce Griffon</a>, and <a href="Allison_V-1710" title="Allison V-1710">Allison V-1710</a> were constructed but none was developed beyond the prototype stage. It was realized in many cases the power produced by the simple turbine was approaching that of the enormously complex and maintenance-intensive piston engine to which it was attached. As a result, turbo-compound aero engines were soon supplanted by <a href="Turboprop" title="Turboprop">turboprop</a> and <a href="Turbojet" title="Turbojet">turbojet</a> engines.

</p><p>Some modern heavy truck diesel manufacturers have incorporated turbo-compounding into their designs. Examples include the <a href="Volvo" title="Volvo">Volvo</a> <a href="Volvo_D13" title="Volvo D13">D13TC</a> engine, the <a href="Detroit_Diesel" title="Detroit Diesel">Detroit Diesel</a> DD15<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="Scania_AB" title="Scania AB">Scania</a><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in production from 1991.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Starting with the 2014 season, <a href="Formula_One" title="Formula One">Formula One</a> switched to a new 1.6 liter turbocharged V6 <a href="Formula_One_engines#2014–2021" title="Formula One engines">formula</a> that uses turbo-compounding. The engines use a single turbocharger that is connected to an electric motor/generator called the MGU-H. The MGU-H uses a turbine to drive a generator, converting waste heat from the exhaust into electrical energy that is either stored in a battery, sent directly to an electric motor in the car's powertrain, and/or to spin up the turbine faster in low-rpm conditions to avoid turbo lag.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="List_of_types">List of types</h2></div>

<ul><li><a href="Detroit_Diesel" title="Detroit Diesel">Detroit Diesel</a>

<ul><li><a href="Napier_%26_Son" class="mw-redirect" title="Napier & Son">Napier</a>

<ul><li><a href="Napier_Nomad" title="Napier Nomad">Napier Nomad</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Wright_Aeronautical" title="Wright Aeronautical">Wright Aeronautical</a>

<ul><li><a href="Wright_R-3350" class="mw-redirect" title="Wright R-3350">Wright R-3350</a>: The turbo-compound version was the only turbo-compound <a href="Aircraft_engine" title="Aircraft engine">aero-engine</a> to see mass production and widespread usage.</li></ul></li>

<li>Dobrynin

<ul><li><a href="Dobrynin_VD-4K" title="Dobrynin VD-4K">Dobrynin VD-4K</a></li></ul></li>

<li>Zvezda

<ul><li><a href="Zvezda_M503" title="Zvezda M503">Zvezda M503</a>: Soviet-built 42 cylinder diesel naval engine used in the <a href="Osa-class_missile_boat" title="Osa-class missile boat">Osa-class missile boat</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Renault" title="Renault">Renault</a>

<ul><li><a href="Renault_in_Formula_One#Red_Bull.2C_Caterham.2C_Lotus.2C_Williams_and_Toro_Rosso_.282011.E2.80.93present.29" title="Renault in Formula One">Renault Energy F1</a>: 1.6 liter turbocharged V6 engine built for Formula 1. Unlike its contemporaries, still uses a wastegate as an emergency measure to control boost pressure in case the turbo-compounding with the MGU-H fails.</li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Ferrari" title="Ferrari">Ferrari</a>

<ul><li><a href="Scuderia_Ferrari#Engine_supply" title="Scuderia Ferrari">Ferrari 059</a>: 1.6 liter turbocharged V6 engine built for Formula 1 for the <a href="Ferrari_F14_T" title="Ferrari F14 T">Ferrari F14 T</a> as well as the <a href="Sauber_C33" title="Sauber C33">Sauber C33</a>.</li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Mercedes-Benz" title="Mercedes-Benz">Mercedes-Benz</a>

<ul><li><a href="Mercedes_AMG_High_Performance_Powertrains" title="Mercedes AMG High Performance Powertrains">Mercedes PU106</a>: 1.6 liter turbocharged V6 engine built for <a href="Mercedes-Benz_in_Formula_One" title="Mercedes-Benz in Formula One">Mercedes-Benz Formula 1 programme</a>.</li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Honda" title="Honda">Honda</a>

<ul><li><a href="Honda_in_Formula_One#McLaren_.282015.E2.80.93.29" title="Honda in Formula One">Honda RA615H</a>: 1.6 liter turbocharged V6 engine built for Formula 1 for the <a href="McLaren_MP4-30" title="McLaren MP4-30">McLaren MP4-30</a>.</li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Volvo" title="Volvo">Volvo</a>

<ul><li><a href="Motorjet" title="Motorjet">Motorjet</a></li>

<li><a href="Turbosteamer" title="Turbosteamer">Turbosteamer</a></li>

<li><a href="Cogeneration" title="Cogeneration">Cogeneration</a></li>

<li><a href="Turbocharger" title="Turbocharger">Turbocharger</a></li>

<li><a href="Gas_turbine" title="Gas turbine">Gas turbine</a></li>

<li><a href="Electric_turbo-compound" title="Electric turbo-compound">Electric turbo-compound</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</style><div id="Engine_configurations_for_piston_engines147" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Engine_configuration" title="Engine configuration">Engine configurations</a> for <a href="Reciprocating_engine" title="Reciprocating engine">piston engines</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Type</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Newcomen_atmospheric_engine" title="Newcomen atmospheric engine">Atmospheric</a></li>

<li><a href="Axial_engine" title="Axial engine">Axial</a></li>

<ul><li><a href="Cornish_engine" title="Cornish engine">Cornish</a></li>

<li><a href="Rotative_beam_engine" class="mw-redirect" title="Rotative beam engine">Rotative</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Bourke_engine" title="Bourke engine">Bourke</a></li>

<li><a href="Cam_engine" title="Cam engine">Cam engine</a></li>

<li><a href="Camless_piston_engine" title="Camless piston engine">Camless</a></li>

<li><a href="Compound_steam_engine" title="Compound steam engine">Compound</a></li>

<li><a href="Double-acting_cylinder" class="mw-redirect" title="Double-acting cylinder">Double-acting cylinder</a></li>

<li><a href="Flathead_engine" title="Flathead engine">Flathead</a></li>

<li><a href="Free-piston_engine" title="Free-piston engine">Free-piston</a>

<ul><li><a href="Stelzer_engine" title="Stelzer engine">Stelzer</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Heron_cylinder_head" title="Heron cylinder head">Heron head</a></li>

<li><a href="IOE_engine" title="IOE engine">Intake over exhaust</a></li>

<li><a href="Oscillating_cylinder_steam_engine" title="Oscillating cylinder steam engine">Oscillating cylinder</a></li>

<li><a href="Opposed-piston_engine" title="Opposed-piston engine">Opposed-piston</a></li>

<li><a href="Overhead_camshaft_engine" title="Overhead camshaft engine">Overhead camshaft</a></li>

<li><a href="Overhead_valve_engine" title="Overhead valve engine">Overhead valve</a></li>

<li><a href="Pent-roof_combustion_chamber" title="Pent-roof combustion chamber">Pentroof</a></li>

<li><a href="Rotary_engine" title="Rotary engine">Rotary</a></li>

<li><a href="Single-acting_cylinder" class="mw-redirect" title="Single-acting cylinder">Single-acting cylinder</a></li>

<li><a href="Split-cycle_engine" title="Split-cycle engine">Split cycle</a></li>

<li><a href="Swing-piston_engine" title="Swing-piston engine">Swing-piston</a></li>

<li><a href="Uniflow_steam_engine" title="Uniflow steam engine">Uniflow</a></li>

<li><a href="Chrysler_B_engine" title="Chrysler B engine">Wedge</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Stroke_(engine)" title="Stroke (engine)">Stroke cycles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Two-stroke_engine" title="Two-stroke engine">Two-stroke</a></li>

<li><a href="Four-stroke_engine" title="Four-stroke engine">Four-stroke</a></li>

<li><a href="Five-stroke_engine" title="Five-stroke engine">Five-stroke</a></li>

<li><a href="Six-stroke_engine" title="Six-stroke engine">Six-stroke</a></li>

<li><a href="Two-_and_four-stroke_engines" title="Two- and four-stroke engines">Two-and four-stroke</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Engine_configuration" title="Engine configuration">Cylinder layouts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="Straight_engine" title="Straight engine">Inline / straight</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="Flat_engine" title="Flat engine">Flat / boxer</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="V_engine" title="V engine">V / Vee</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="W_engine" title="W engine">W</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Napier_Deltic" title="Napier Deltic">Deltic</a></li>

<li><a href="Radial_engine" title="Radial engine">Radial</a></li>

<li><a href="Split-single_engine" title="Split-single engine">Split-single</a></li>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-07-02" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Turbo-compound_engine&oldid=1298359686">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

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